Linguistics

[1] vixra:2410.0093 [pdf]
The Thai-English Student's Dictionary Compiled by Mary R. Haas and the Graphical Law
We study the head words of the Thai-English Student's Dictionary compiled by Mary R. Haas,way back in 1964.We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised.We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field.$beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and$k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
[2] vixra:2409.0165 [pdf]
Swedish Dictionary and the Graphical Law
We study the Swedish language words of the Swedish Dictionary, English-Swedish/Swedish-English,1997 Reprint. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Swedish language words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised/unnormalised. We find that the Swedish words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
[3] vixra:2404.0114 [pdf]
The Urdu-Hindi Shabdakosh by Muhammad Sajjad Osmani, Sudhindra Kumar and The Graphical Law
We study the Urdu head entries of the Urdu-Hindi Shabdakosh by Muhammad Sajjad Osmani, Sudhindra Kumar.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of Urdu head entries, normalised, starting with a Hindi letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the Hindi letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field i.e. $beta H=0$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[4] vixra:2404.0034 [pdf]
The Standard Urdu-English Dictionary by Abdul Haq and The Graphical Law
We study the entries of the Standard Urdu-English Dictionary by Abdul Haq.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0.02$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0.02$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[5] vixra:2404.0006 [pdf]
Concise Urdu to English Dictionary and The Graphical Law
We study the entries of the Concise Urdu to English Dictionary compiled by M. Zaman, Naved Akhtar, 2015.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0.04$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0.04$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[6] vixra:2403.0129 [pdf]
Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law
We study the head words of the dictionary, the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary edited by R.S. McGregor, the $62^{nd}$ impression, 2023.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
[7] vixra:2403.0006 [pdf]
Langenscheidt's Pocket Chinese Dictionary and The Graphical Law
We study the Chinese head entries of the Langenscheidt's Pocket Chinese Dictionary written in Pinyin, a Romanized pronunciation system.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised(unnormalised). We find that the head entries underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
[8] vixra:2402.0049 [pdf]
The Langenscheidt's Pocket Russian Dictionary and The Graphical Law
We study the words of the Langenscheidt's Pocket Russian Dictionary, 2012 Reprint.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BP(4,$beta H=0.01$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, $beta H= 0.01$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
[9] vixra:2402.0044 [pdf]
The Scholar Dictionary Portuguese and The Graphical Law
We study the words of Scholar Dictionary Portuguese. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of headwords, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BP(4,$beta H=0$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field, $beta H=0$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
[10] vixra:2402.0041 [pdf]
The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Vaman Shivram Apte and The Graphical Law
We study the words of the dictionary, the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Vaman Shivram Apte, the second reprint edition.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01), the agnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which very large.
[11] vixra:2310.0141 [pdf]
The Countdown Letters Game
We present an analysis of the letters game from the TV show Countdown using Monte Carlo methods.This game requires finding the longest possible words in a set of randomly chosen letters. We show that the probability of finding a word of length k from N given letters follows a Fermi-Dirac Distribution with k as the variable and N acting as control parameter. Increasing N we get to a fixed point where a phase transition occurs before reaching the IR fixed point as N goes to infinity. Lastly, we find the expected total number of words per game, and the number of letters one must be given in order to have a significant probability to find all words in the dictionary.
[12] vixra:2304.0047 [pdf]
Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law
We study the entries of the dictionary, the Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary compiled by Sailendra Biswas, the first edition.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
[13] vixra:2302.0060 [pdf]
Bangiya Sabdakosh and The Graphical Law
We study the Bangiya Sabdakosh: A Bengali-Bengali lexicon compiled by the Late Haricharan Bandyopadhyay.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
[14] vixra:2302.0026 [pdf]
Samsad Bangla Abhidan and The Graphical Law
We study the entries of the dictionary, the Samsad Bangla Abhidan compiled by Sailendra Biswas, the fifth edition.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which very large.
[15] vixra:2212.0185 [pdf]
The Graphical Law Behind the Head Words of Dictionary Kannada and English Written by W. Reeve, Revised, Corrected and Enlarged by Daniel Sanderson
We study the head words of the Dictionary Kannada and English written by W. Reeve, revised, corrected and enlarged by Daniel Sanderson.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin which very large.Moreover, we put forth a parallelism with a Bengali dictionary.
[16] vixra:2211.0087 [pdf]
A Greek and English Lexicon by H.g.liddell et al Simplified by Didier Fontaine and the Graphical Law
We study a Greek dictionary, A Greek and English Lexicon by H.G.Liddell et al simplified by Didier Fontaine. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, $beta H=0.02$), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with $beta H= 0.02$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
[17] vixra:2207.0165 [pdf]
A Dictionary of the Mikir Language by G. D. Walker and the Graphical law
We study a Dictionary of the Mikir Language by G. D. Walker.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0.02$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[18] vixra:2202.0030 [pdf]
A Dictionary of the Kachin Language by Rev. o. Hanson and the Graphical Law
We study A Dictionary of the Kachin Language by Rev. O. Hanson, 1954 printing. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Kachin words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We find that the Kachin words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field. Moreover, the naturalness number of the Kachin language as seen through this dictionary is nine by sixteen.
[19] vixra:2201.0205 [pdf]
The Concise Gojri-English Dictionary by Dr. Rafeeq Anjum and the Graphical Law
We study the Concise Gojri-English Dictionary by Dr. Rafeeq Anjum. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0$, in the absence of external magnetic field, H. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant. Moreover, the naturalness number of the Gojri language as seen through this dictionary is one.
[20] vixra:2109.0164 [pdf]
The Graphical Law Behind the NTC's Hebrew and English Dictionary by Arie Comey and Naomi Tsur
We study the NTC's Hebrew and English Dictionary, 2000 edition (The Most Practical and Easy-to-Use Dictionary of Modern Hebrew and English), by Arie Comey and Naomi Tsur. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Hebrew words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the NTC's Hebrew words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field. We obtain one third as the naturalness number of the Hebrew as seen through this dictionary.
[21] vixra:2109.0141 [pdf]
Langenscheidt Taschenw$\ddot{o}$rterbuch Deutsch-Englisch / Englisch-Deutsch, V$\ddot{o}$llige Neubearbeitung and the Graphical Law
We study Langenscheidt Taschenw$\ddot{o}$rterbuch Deutsch-Englisch / Englisch-Deutsch, V$\ddot{o}$llige Neubearbeitung, dictionary, 2014 edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the German language words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field. We notice that there is no qualitative change compared to the Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary, 1970 edition.
[22] vixra:2109.0080 [pdf]
The French, Larousse Dictionnaire De Poche and the Graphical law
We study Larousse Dictionnaire De Poche, Fran\c{c}ais Anglais / Anglais Fran\c{c}ais. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of French words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. We infer that the French, the Italian and the Spanish come in the same language group. Moreover, we put two dictionaries of philosophy and science on the same platform with that of the French. We surmise that philosophy owes more to the French speakers than science does.
[23] vixra:2108.0101 [pdf]
Swahili, a Lingua Franca, Swahili-English Dictionary by C. W. Rechenbach and the Graphical Law
We study the Swahili-English Dictionary by Charles W. Rechenbach. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the dictionary is classified by BP(4,$\beta H$=0.04). $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. BP(4,$\beta H$=0.04) is the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the presence of little external magnetic field, H, such that $\beta H$ is equal to 0.04. Moreover, the words of the dictionary go over to the Onsager solution on successive normalisations.
[24] vixra:2108.0040 [pdf]
Essential Dutch Dictionary by G. Quist and D. Strik, the Graphical Law Classification
We find that the Essential Dutch dictionary by G. Quist and D. Strik is classified by BP(4,$\beta H$=0.10). $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. BP(4,$\beta H$=0.10) is the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in presence of little external magnetic field, H, such that $\beta H$ is equal to 0.10.
[25] vixra:2107.0179 [pdf]
Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary and the Graphical law
We study Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the German language entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field. Moreover, we compare the German language with two Romance languages, the Basque and the Romanian, respectively, with respect to Spin-Glass magnetisation.
[26] vixra:2011.0069 [pdf]
Turkmen-English Dictionary and the Graphical law
We study the Turkmen-English Dictionary by Jonathan Garrett, Greg Lastowka, Kimberly Naahielua and Meena Pallipamu. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0.04) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H$=0.04. H is external magnetic field, $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[27] vixra:2011.0011 [pdf]
Khasi English Dictionary and the Graphical law
We study Khasi English Dictionary by U Nissor Singh. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H$=0 i.e. H=0. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[28] vixra:2009.0100 [pdf]
Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary and the Graphical law
We study Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[29] vixra:2009.0014 [pdf]
Visayan-English Dictionary and the Graphical law
We study the Visayan-English Dictionary(Kapul\'{u}$\bar{n}$gan Binisay\'{a}-Ining\'{l}s). We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
[30] vixra:2003.0563 [pdf]
Bengali Language, Romanisation and Onsager Core
We continue to study Chalantika, a bengali to bengali dictionary. We romanise the bengali alphabet via wikipedia scheme. We reduce the romanised alphabet to English alphabet i.e. the alphabet which appears in an English dictionary. In the reduced alphabet scheme, we draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We observe that behind the words of the dictionary of the bengali language, in the reduced alphabet scheme, the magnetisation curve is BP(4,$\beta H=0.08$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in presence of liitle external magnetic fields, $\beta H=0.08$. Moreover, words of the bengali language in the reduced alphabet scheme, nearly go over to Onsager solution, on few successive normalisations. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is tiny Boltzmann constant.
[31] vixra:1804.0494 [pdf]
Applying the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change to Reddit Data: A Pilot Study of Cessation Strategies and Outcomes among Tobacco Users
Despite the existence of numerous studies demonstrating that tobacco use is strongly associated with cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems, tobacco continues to be a major public health threat worldwide. Social media provides a rich resource for population-level, health-based monitoring and understanding of tobacco cessation efforts and trends. In this pilot study, we identified common and emerging tactics used by Reddit users for tobacco cessation and demonstrated that the Transtheoretical Model — an established and widely used behavioural change theory – could be leveraged to track and identify successful cessation of tobacco usage within this population.