This paper proposes that the Great Pyramid of Giza encodes a precise 1:100,000-scale geodetic-celestial model of the Awash River system in Ethiopia, integrating the monument’s external geometry and internal architecture (chambers, shafts, Grand Gallery, and passages) with an astronomical-hydrological template originating in the Afar Depression ~38 ka BP (Meeus1998,Spence2000). The model identifies Dama Ale volcano — then a volcanic island in paleo-Lake Abhe Bad — as the Late Upper Palaeolithic archetype that determined both the astronomical timing and the geodetic layout of Giza in 2550 BCE.At 1:100,000 vertical scale, the pyramid’s three principal chambers map directly onto the Awash’s major basins: the Subterranean Chamber to paleo-Lake Abhe Bad, the Queen’s Chamber to hypersaline Lake Basaka, and the King’s Chamber to freshwater Lake Ziway (Lehner1997,Gasse2000). Passage lengths, shaft slopes, and relieving-chamber counts correspond to tributary rivers, feeder lakes, and island configurations, while the coffer’s westward offset mirrors Tulu Gudo island’s position in Lake Ziway — the centrepiece of a seven-island archipelago that reproduces the Pleiades cluster.The Khafre causeway’s great-circle alignment to Dama Ale (2,345 km, lateral deviation <15 m, ~0.4 arcsecond precision) provides independent geodetic confirmation of a deliberate Egypt—Afar axis (Lehner1997). This fixed terrestrial vector preserved the memory of the First-Time sky across precessional drift, transforming Giza into a functional precessional and hydrological observatory that reactivated an ancient Afar template in imperishable stone. The model offers the first unified explanation for the pyramid’s entire internal architecture and reinterprets the monument as a cosmic machine for the soul’s ascent along the Awash River of Souls. The topographic configuration of the Dama Ale paleo-island during the African Humid Period — a volcanic mound encircled by concentric paleo-shorelines and catastrophically inundated near the end of the Younger Dryas — bears a striking resemblance to Plato’s description of Atlantis (concentric rings of land and water, sudden disappearance into the sea. (Timaeus, 24e-25d, Critias 113c-121c). This parallel is noted here for context but lies outside the primary geodetic-astronomical scope of the present study.

We study the head entries of The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology by Warwick Bray and David Trump, Second Edition, 1982.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model. $gamma$ represents the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.

In a recent underwater archaeological survey conducted along the coast north of Rome, near Santa Marinella, at a depth of 1.5 meters and 90 meters from the shoreline, we identified a significant assemblage of organogenic sandstone (macco) ashlar blocks. These blocks were arranged in a double parallel row extending approximately 5 meters in a NW-SE orientation, parallel to the coastline. The arrangement of the blocks delineates an internal space filled with stones, forming a structure reminiscent of a mole. The ashlar blocks were positioned in two distinct manners: the stretchers (Greek: διάτονοι) were placed with their longer sides facing outward, while the headers (Greek: ὀρθοστάτης) were arranged with their shorter sides facing outward, contributing to the structural reinforcement. Midway along the structure, a narrow canal formed by a double row of ashlars provides a connection between the internal space and the exterior, facilitating water circulation and mitigating the risk of silting in the port basin. The external mole continues northwest, incorporating additional blocks and natural rocks, which together form an L-shaped configuration. The area protected by these moles covers approximately 3,000 square meters and is located in close proximity (130 meters) to the sixth-century B.C. Etruscan temple at Punta della Vipera. These findings represent the earliest known evidence of a utility landing site associated with the Etruscan temple.

We study the The Penguin Encyclopedia of Places by W. G. Moore. We draw the natural logarithmof the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.04), i.e. the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magneticfield, H, with βH = 0.04. β is1/(k_B T)where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.

Adolf Schulten suggested that Tartessos-Tarshish was the model for Plato's Atlantis. I argued that its capital was situated in what is now the Marisma de Hinojos within the central part of the Andalucian Donana National Park in south-west Spain. This article reports about the preliminary results of an archaeological expedition to test this theory. The preliminary results of the expedition include evidence of either a tsunami or a storm flood during the third millenium BC and evidence of human settlements from the Neolithic Age to the Middle Ages.